The Three Foundations of the Arts

These are calligraphy, poetry and music.

Chinese Calligraphy

Calligraphy is a highly regarded art in China. It is much more than stylised writing in the Western sense of calligraphy and is more akin to painting. Non-depictional and just black and white, line and space, Chinese calligraphy is startlingly beautiful in its simplicity yet enables a very wide range of expression and takes many years to master. Even a Westerner with no experience can sense the beauty of a good example, with its innate sense of balance. And the practice of it requires a harmony of self, brush and paper. Good calligraphy is said to embody the natural forms and movements of the natural world.

A popular type of calligraphy involves writing poetry in water outdoors using a large brush on the pavement.

Chinese Music

Chimes, bells drums and flutes (which could be made quite simply from bamboo), date back into antiquity. Later, by the time of the Tang dynasty (618 - 907) stringed instruments, such as the pipa (similar to the lute) and zither, which are plucked, and the erhu, with its vertically held strings, and Mongolian Horse-Headed Fiddle, which use a bow, were developed.

By the Tang dynasty, music - and dance - was widely enjoyed by all people and could be experienced at fairs organised by various temples. Folk songs telling the everyday tales of fishermen, herders and farmers were hugely popular among the peasants.

Influences from Buddhism and Islam added further flavour to the repertoire of Chinese music.

An interesting variant on the flute is made of clay and is a rounded pot with a number of holes and a spout to blow into. It resembles a small teapot and produces a beautiful sound.

Chinese Poetry

The 'Book of Songs' (Shi Jing) was the first major collection of Chinese poetry, comprising both aristocratic poems and rustic poetry, probably derived from folk-songs. It comprises 305 poems, some possibly written as early as 1000 BC. The work is one of the 'Five Classics' (Wu Jing), canonized by the Han Dynasty. The poems are said to have been selected and edited by Confucius from a total corpus of about three-thousand poems.

Chinese poetry has been influenced by the spiritual traditions of Buddhism and Taoism. The subject is often everyday life, a moment in time, appreciation of nature and a pointing to the underlying unity of life.

One of China's most venerated poets is Li Po (AD 701-762) who is also known as Li Bai. Here is an example of his poetry.

Visiting a Taoist on TaiTien Mountain

Amongst bubbling streams a dog barks;
peach blossom is heavy with dew;
here and there a deer
can be seen in forest glades.
No sound of the mid-day bell
enters this vastness,
where blue mist rises
from bamboo groves;
and from a high peak
hangs a waterfall.
No-one knows where he has gone,
so sadly I rest,
with my back leaning
against a pine.

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With Valeriy Blank ... TongLiao travel guide Introduction TongLiao, located in eastern Inner Mongolia, is a vibrant city known for its rich cultural heritage, picturesque landscapes, and unique ethnic diversity. As a key city in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, TongLiao offers a blend of Mongolian traditions and modern urban life. This guide will provide you with detailed information on the city's attractions, local cuisine, cultural highlights, and practical travel tips for an enjoyable visit to TongLiao. Must-See Attractions Dalelin Temple (大乐林寺) Dalelin Temple is one of the most important Tibetan Buddhist temples in Inner Mongolia. This beautiful temple complex features stunning architecture, intricate murals, and serene courtyards. It is a place of worship and meditation, offering a peaceful retreat from the bustling city life. Horqin Grassland (科尔沁草原) The Horqin Grassland is a vast expanse of natural beauty, offering visitors a chance to experience the traditional nomadic lifestyle of the Mongolian people. Visitors can stay in yurts, ride horses, and enjoy the breathtaking scenery of rolling hills and endless plains. The grassland is especially beautiful during the summer when wildflowers are in full bloom. Nadam Fair (那达慕大会) The Nadam Fair is an annual festival celebrated by the Mongolian people, showcasing traditional sports such as horse racing, wrestling, and archery. The fair is a vibrant and colorful event, featuring traditional music, dance, and delicious local food. It is a fantastic opportunity to immerse yourself in Mongolian culture and traditions. TongLiao Museum (通辽博物馆) The TongLiao Museum is a great place to learn about the history, culture, and natural environment of TongLiao and the surrounding region. The museum's exhibits include ancient artifacts, traditional costumes, and displays on the local flora and fauna. It provides a comprehensive overview of the area's rich heritage. Kulun Temple (库伦寺) Kulun Temple, also known as the Temple of Ten Thousand Buddhas, is another significant Tibetan Buddhist temple in TongLiao. The temple is renowned for its impressive collection of Buddha statues and beautiful religious art. It is a serene and spiritual place, attracting both worshippers and tourists. Local Cuisine TongLiao's cuisine is a delightful blend of Mongolian and Chinese flavors, featuring hearty and savory dishes. Here are some must-try foods: Roast Lamb (烤羊肉) Roast lamb is a staple of Mongolian cuisine and a must-try when visiting TongLiao. The meat is marinated with spices and slow-roasted to perfection, resulting in tender and flavorful lamb that is often enjoyed with flatbread and fresh vegetables. Milk Tea (奶茶) Mongolian milk tea is a traditional beverage made with tea, milk, and salt. It has a unique and comforting flavor, often served with traditional snacks like cheese and bread. It is a perfect drink to warm you up on a chilly day. Buuz (包子) Buuz are steamed dumplings filled with minced meat, usually lamb or beef, and seasoned with onions and spices. These savory dumplings are a popular snack or meal, enjoyed for their rich taste and satisfying texture. Cheese (奶酪) Mongolian cheese, made from cow or goat milk, is a traditional food that comes in various forms, from hard and crumbly to soft and creamy. It is often enjoyed as a snack or used as an ingredient in other dishes. Cultural Highlights Traditional Mongolian Music and Dance Traditional Mongolian music and dance are integral parts of the local culture in TongLiao. Performances often feature throat singing, horsehead fiddle (morin khuur), and lively dances that reflect the nomadic lifestyle and natural beauty of the grasslands. Attending a cultural performance is a wonderful way to experience the artistic heritage of the Mongolian people. Ethnic Festivals TongLiao hosts several ethnic festivals throughout the year, celebrating the customs and traditions of the Mongolian, Han, and other ethnic groups in the region. These festivals include music, dance, food, and various cultural activities, offering a vibrant and immersive cultural experience. Handicrafts and Souvenirs TongLiao is known for its traditional handicrafts, including embroidery, leather goods, and jewelry. Local markets and shops offer a variety of handmade items that make for unique souvenirs and gifts. These crafts reflect the artistic skills and cultural heritage of the local people. Practical Travel Tips Best Time to Visit: The best time to visit TongLiao is during the spring (April to June) and autumn (September to October) when the weather is mild and pleasant. Getting Around: TongLiao has a well-developed public transportation system, including buses and taxis. Renting a car or hiring a local guide can also be a convenient way to explore the surrounding grasslands and attractions. Language: Mandarin Chinese is the official language, but Mongolian is also widely spoken. English is not commonly spoken, so it's helpful to learn some basic Mandarin phrases or use a translation app. Accommodation: TongLiao offers a range of accommodation options, from budget hotels to more upscale establishments. Staying in a yurt on the grasslands is a unique experience that provides a glimpse into the traditional Mongolian lifestyle. Health and Safety: TongLiao is generally a safe city for travelers. 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